This seems to be the day for talking about CO2. A correspondent brought this paper to my attention and it is intriguing because it represents significant investment and serious engineering effort.
My problem stems from the reality that CO2 is already at the bottom of the energy well in any universe unable to produce perpetual motion. Yet here we have a serious effort to convert CO2 back into exothermic products. Going through the work I see nothing to think otherwise so far except to assume that the external inputs described will drive the system. After all that is what happens with Mother Nature thanks to the sun.
Otherwise, pushing water uphill is a lousy business bet.
I left the diagrams out and I do not have the link for the article itself, but there is enough here.
It ultimately needs an efficient way to split water, and we have had recent progress on that front. That at least might result in an efficient system that may in some manner be useful. The nano tube reactor needs explanation as does the proprietary catalyst at least as to performance. I would have expected to see more on this already.
Catalytic CO2 Recycle (CCRTM) Technology
Mega Symposium, August 25, 2008
Manuscript Control #8
AUTHORS:
*John Ralston, Director, Recycle CO2 (RCO2) Inc., P.O. Box 3442, Kingsport, TN, 37664 USA
Erik Fareid, CEO, RCO2TM AS, Berghagen 8, 1403 Langhus, Norway
ABSTRACT
A process has been developed and patents have been applied for in most of the countries of the world for the recycling of CO2 from the flue gas produced in hydrocarbon combustion. The CO2 is catalytically converted to two useful products, methane and water, both of which have market value. Oxygen is also generated in this process. The methane produced can be used to generate electricity. This is an energy efficient process for the recycling of CO2. This process consists of three chemical reactions; the combustion of methane, the splitting of water, and the hydrogenation of CO2. All these reactions are described below.
INTRODUCTION
RCO2 AS is a small research company located in Norway. Investors from Europe, Eastern Europe, and the USA have invested money in RCO2 AS to develop a technology that will recycle CO2 into useful products. Nalco/Mobotec have invested in this development. Most of the technologies in use and being developed today to capture or sequester CO2 require the isolation, compression, and transport of the CO2 to a burial site. The CCR technology will eliminate these requirements.
The KEY word concerning the CCR technology is the word “RECYCLE”. This is a new concept relating to CO2 that many people cannot understand and/or accept. Today many waste products are recycled. The most prominent are aluminum, plastics, and paper. Why do we recycle these waste products? The answer is to conserve energy. When energy is conserved, CO2 is reduced. By recycling aluminum 95% of the energy needed to produce aluminum is saved. By recycling plastics 70% of the energy is saved and by recycling paper 40% of the energy is saved. CO2 is also a waste product. By recycling CO2 up to 76% of the energy can be saved.
EXPERIMENTAL
Chemical Reactions
There are three basic chemical reactions involved in the CCR technology. These are:
combustion of methane
CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2 H2O ΔH300K= -803 kJ/mol
splitting of water
4 H2O = 4 H2 + 2 O2 ΔH300K= +242 kJ/mol
hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (methanation)
CO2 + 4 H2 = CH4 + 2 H2O ΔH300K= -165 kJ/mol
Brief descriptions of these reactions are as follows:
1. Combustion of Methane
The combustion of methane will take place in a gas turbine and consists of the burning of the amount of methane produced in the methanation reaction mixed with the amount of natural gas that will need to be added to keep the turbine at capacity. The oxygen produced in the splitting of water reaction will be mixed with the combustion air to reduce the amount of nitrogen resulting in mainly CO2 and water in the flue gas. The gas turbine will produce electricity using about 35 % of the energy generated in the gas turbine. The remaining 65% of the energy generated will be combined with the excess energy generated by the hydrogenation of CO2 reaction and will be used to drive the water splitting reaction. The result will be that at least 90% of the energy generated will be used efficiently in an optimized system.
2. Splitting of Water
The splitting of water to produce “green” hydrogen is the key reaction of this process. It is absolutely essential that the energy used to split the water is not energy that will generate additional CO2. There are several ways to generate “green” hydrogen. These are:
1. Electrolysis of water using a combination of solar and wind energy.
2. Photo chemical reaction using energy directly from the sun
3. Thermal chemical reaction using membrane separation
4. Production of hydrogen from biomass gasification
From this list we will be operating pilot plants using the first three possible ways to produce “green” hydrogen. The first and the last ways are commercial processes already. In an actual commercial installation it may be necessary to use a combination of two or more of these ways to generate hydrogen depending on the unit generating the CO2.and the location of this unit In this paper we would like to briefly describe the other two ways to split water that are under consideration. One of the most interesting is the photo chemical reaction using free energy from the sun. It is expected that this process will be a commercially available during the first quarter of 2009. The diagram below shows how this process will operate.
With this process the energy from the sun is collected and magnified and sent to the nanotube reactor. The collector/magnifier has the capability to generate energy up to the equivalent of 50 suns. The collector/magnifier is programmed to follow the sun as it moves across the sky. The reactor consists of many nanotubes and a proprietary catalysis that will split water at ambient temperature. The water for this process is the water that has been generated and separated from the combustion of natural gas and methanation reactions. This water has been heated using the waste heat from the combustion of natural gas and the heat generated from the methanation reaction. The hydrogen generated is sent to the methanation reactor to be mixed with the flue gas coming from the combustion of natural gas. The oxygen generated is sent to the combustion reaction to be mixed with the combustion air. It will be necessary to store both the hydrogen and oxygen to maintain a supply of both during periods of time when the energy of the sun is not available. The storage of both hydrogen and oxygen will be necessary no matter which type process is used to generate “green” hydrogen. The hydrogen can be stored at 200 psi without any compression necessary.
This reaction will take place in a specifically designed reactor in the presence of an efficient membrane and a proprietary catalyst. The energy required to drive this reaction will come from the excess energy developed by the combustion of natural gas and the methanation reaction. No additional energy will be added to complete this reaction. The amount of hydrogen produced will depend on the amount of excess energy from the combustion of natural gas and energy developed during the methanation reaction that is available. For 100% conversion of CO2 to methane additional energy will be needed to produce more hydrogen. The oxygen generated will be mixed with the combustion air to the turbine to reduce the formation of NOx and make the turbine more efficient. It is estimated that enough hydrogen will be generated by the combination of two or more ways to generate “green” hydrogen will convert between 55 to 70% of the CO2 generated to methane.
3. Methanation
Methanation is a well known chemical reaction used in the production of urea. It is also know as the Sabatier reaction. Shown below is one way this reaction will be used in the CCR technology.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
The CCR Technology will improve the energy efficiency of a gas turbine. It will also result in a more efficient use of energy compared to a gas turbine with combined cycle. In the diagram below it can be noted that a gas turbine with combined cycle will be 59% energy efficient.
However, a gas turbine with CCR will increase the efficiency of the turbine to more than 90% because 61.5% of the energy is returned in the form of methane recycled from the CO2. The amount of CO2 recycled to methane can be increased by adding more renewable energy such as sun energy to the water splitting reaction. The gas turbine with CCR will reduce CO2 emissions compared to combined cycle. The CO2 emissions will be reduced by 61.5%
STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT
Currently three pilot plants are in operation to develop the necessary information to continue onto the commercialization step. These pilot plants are located as follows:
NTNU, Norway
CNRS, France
Desert Research Institute, USA
Each pilot plant will be using a different way to split water to produce hydrogen which will be reacted with the CO2. At an actual installation one or more ways to split water may be used depending on type of installation and its location. Once the way or ways that will be used has been determined, material and energy balances can be developed. It is estimated that the development work at these three pilot plants locations will be completed by the end of 2009. An additional pilot plant will be built in Smithfield, VA using at least two different ways to split hydrogen.
COMPARISON WITH OTHER CO2 CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES
With the CCR technology being developed by RCO2 there is no isolation, no compression, no transportation, and no sequestration of the CO2. This immediately can be equated to a considerable savings. It will also produce revenue since by using the CCR technology the amount of natural gas needed for combustion in a gas turbine can be reduced by at least 55% and still produce the same amount of electricity. As a result, the CCR technology has the potential to produce revenue. It will be commercially advantageous to use the CCR technology even if CO2 reduction regulations are not put into effect.
SUMMARY
The sole objective of the CCR technology being developed by RCO2 is to reduce the current cost of removing CO2 from flue gas. The laboratory phase has been completed. Pilot plants will be operated in France, Norway, and the USA as the next step to commercialize the CCR technology. When fully developed the CCR technology will not only recycle CO2, but also will result in a more energy efficient way to generate electricity using natural gas.
REFERENCE LIST
1. Kyoto agreement, Emissions Marketplace, Platts Energy Bulletin, November 7, 2004
2. Hydrogen Program Plan, US Department of Energy, June 2003
3. EU CO2 Marker, Platts Energy Bulletin, December 3, 2004
4 CO2 Separation, Capture and Transport Technologies for CO2 Reduction. By John Ruby and Mark Musich.19th International Conference on Lignite, Brown, and Subbituminous Coals. Western Fuel Symposium. October 2004, Billings, Montana.
5. CO2 Recovery and Sequestration at Dakota Gasification Company. By Myria Perry and Daren Eliason. 19th International Conference on Lignite, Brown, and Subbituminous Coals. Western Fuel Symposium. October 2004, Billings, Montana.
6. Summary of Electrolytic Hydrogen Production. By Johanna Ivy, National Renewable
Energy Laboratories, Golden, Colorado.
7. Climate Change and Carbon Markets, Edited by Farhana Yamin, James & James
Publishing, London, UK
8. DOE-CURC-EPRI Clean Coal Technology Roadmap. By Frank Burke, Consol Energy.
Clean Coal and Power Conference, Washington DC, November 2003
9. “CO2 can be handled”, by Leif Haaland, Technology Review Weekly, ONS Issue,
August 20, 2004
10. “Hydrogen living has arrived”, by Anders Steensen, Technology Review Weekly, ONS
Issue, August 20, 2004
11. “Prepared for the GHG steamroller?”, by Neil Kolwey and Michael Shepard, Power
Magazine, June 2004
12. Gas Purification by Arthur Kohl and Richard Nielsen, Gulf Publishing Company
5thedition 1997
13. “An Innovative Process to Sequester CO2” by J. Ralston and Erik Fareid, EUEC 2005
14. “Climate Change Concerns Drive Projects to Curb CO2” by Bill Ellison
Power Magazine, June 2007.
15. Solar Energy ,Volume 80, Issue 12 , December 2006, Pages 1611-1623
Stéphane Abanades, and Gilles Flamant Processes, Materials, and Solar Energy
Laboratory, CNRS, 7 Rue du Four Solaire, BP 5 Odeillo, 66120 Font-Romeu, France
16. Volume 161, Issue 1 , 20 October 2006, Pages 129-132 Hiromasa Tawarayama , Futoshi Utsuno, Hiroyuki Inoue, Satoru Fujitsu and Hiroshi Kawazoe
17. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy Volume 32, Issue 4 , March 2007, Pages 482-488 Path Forward to a Hydrogen Economy; Daniel M. Ginosara , Lucia M. Petkovica, Anne W. Glennb and Kyle C. Burch
18. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy Volume 21, Issue 9 , September 1996, Pages 781-787; T. Sano, M. Kojima, N. Hasegawa, M. Tsuji and Y. Tamaura
19 International Journal of Hydrogen Energy ,Volume 32, Issue 4 , March 2007, Pages 451-456 Path Forward to a Hydrogen Economy, U. (Balu) Balachandran , T.H. Lee and S.E. Dorris; Energy Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory
20. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy ,Volume 31, Issue 15 , December 2006, Pages 2217-2222, C. Alvani, A. La Barbera , G. Ennas, F. Padella,and F. Varsano, ENEA-C
21. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy ,Volume 32, Issue 5 , April 2007, Pages 401-425 Meng Ni, Michael K.H. Leung , Dennis Y.C. Leung and K. Sumathy aDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong
22. Journal of Catalysis , Volume 246, Issue 2 , 10 March 2007, Pages 362-369S.K. Mohapatra, M. Misra, , V.K. Mahajan and K.S. Raja; Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, MS 388, University of Nevada,
23. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials , Volume 8, Issues 1-2 , January-March 2007, Pages 89-92 APNF International Symposium on Nanotechnology in Environmental Protection and Pollution (ISNEPP2006); Seng Sing Tan, Linda Zou and Eric Hu
24. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials Volume 8, Issues 1-2 , January-March 2007, Pages 76-81 APNF International Symposium on Nanotechnology in Environmental Protection and Pollution (ISNEPP2006); Wenfeng Shangguan, a,
25. Catalysis Today , Article in Press, Corrected Proof - Note to users, Masaya Matsuokaa , Masaaki Kitano, Masato Takeuchi, Koichiro Tsujimaru, Masakazu Anpo and John M. Thomas
26. European Fertilizer Manufacturers Association, Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse 4, B-1160 Brussels. Belgium; Email main@efma.be - Telephone +32 2 6753550 - Fax +32 2 6753961
27. Methanation of carbon dioxide on Ni-incorporated MCM-41 catalysts: The influence of catalyst pretreatment and study of steady-state reaction; Journal of Catalysis, Volume 249, Issue 2, 25 July, 2007, Pages 370-379, Guoan Du, Sangyun Lim, Yanhui Yang, Chuan Wang, Lisa Pfefferle and Gary L. Haller
28. Methanation of carbon dioxide by hydrogen reduction using the Sabatier process in
microchannel reactors, Chemical Engineering Science, Volume 62, Issue 4, February
2007, Pages 1161-1170 Kriston P. Brooks, Jianli Hu, Huayang Zhu and Robert J. Kee
29. Highly selective methanation by the use of a microchannel reactor; Catalysis
Today, Volume 110, Issues 1-2, 15 December 2005, Pages 132-139; O. Görke, P. Pfeifer and
K. Schubert
30. Competitive CO and CO2 methanation over supported noble metal catalysts in high
throughput scanning mass spectrometer; Applied Catalysis A: General, Volume 296, Issue 1, 29 November 2005, Pages 30-48; Karin Yaccato, Ray Carhart, Alfred Hagemeyer, Andreas Lesik, Peter Strasser, Jr., Anthony F. Volpe, Howard Turner, Henry Weinberg, Robert K. Grasselli and Chris Brooks
31. Complete removal of carbon monoxide in hydrogen-rich gas stream through methanation over supported metal catalysts; International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 29, Issue 10, August 2004, Pages 1065-1073; Sakae Takenaka, Toru Shimizu and Kiyoshi Otsuka 32. The CO methanation on Rh/CeO2 and CeO2/Rh model catalysts: a comparative study Surface Science, Volumes 532-535, 10 June 2003, Pages 364-369; B. Jenewein, M. Fuchs
and K. Hayek
33. Materials for global carbon dioxide recycling; Corrosion Science, Volume 44, Issue 2, February 2002, Pages 371-386; K. Hashimoto, M. Yamasaki, S. Meguro, T. Sasaki, H. Katagiri, K. Izumiya, N. Kumagai, Advanced materials for global carbon dioxide recycling
34. Materials Science and Engineering A, Volumes 304-306, 31 May 2001, Pages 88-96
K. Hashimoto, H. Habazaki, M. Yamasaki, S. Meguro, T. Sasaki, H. Katagiri, T. Matsui, K. Fujimura, K. Izumiya, N. Kumagai, et al.
35. Mechanochemical activation of catalysts for CO2 methanation; Applied Catalysis A:
General, Volume 137, Issue 2, 11 April 1996, Pages 255-268; S. Mori, W. -C. Xu, T.
Ishidzuki, N. Ogasawara, J. Imai and K. Kobayashi
36. Catalyst for carbon dioxide hydrogenation-methanation and its preparation method Fuel and Energy Abstracts, Volume 41, Issue 6, November 2000, Page 361 37. A recovery of carbon dioxides by methanation reaction through a pressure-temperature swing process by applying active protium in the fluorinate; Fuel and Energy Abstracts, Volume 41, Issue 4, July 2000, Page 204
38. Selective formation of methane in reduction of CO2 with water by Raney alloy catalyst Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, Volume 145, Issues 1-2, 8 September 1999, Pages 257-264; Kiyoshi Kudo and Koichi Komatsu
39. Global CO2 recycling—novel materials and prospect for prevention of global warming and abundant energy supply; Materials Science and Engineering A, Volume 267, Issue 2, 31 July 1999, Pages 200-206; K. Hashimoto, M. Yamasaki, K. Fujimura, T. Matsui, K. Izumiya, M. Komori, A. A. El-Moneim, E. Akiyama, H. Habazaki, N. Kumagai, et al.
40. CO2 methanation catalysts prepared from amorphous Ni–Zr–Sm and Ni–Zr–misch metal alloy precursors; Materials Science and Engineering A, Volume 267, Issue 2, 31 July 1999, Pages 220-226, Michiaki Yamasaki, Mitsuru Komori, Eiji Akiyama, Hiroki Habazaki, Asahi Kawashima, Katsuhiko Asami and Koji Hashimoto
41. Study of reactions over sulfide catalysts in CO–CO2–H2–H2O system; Catalysis Today, Volume 51, Issue 1, 1 June 1999, Pages 25-38; Yumin Li, Rejie Wang and Liu Chang
42. Doping effects of cerium oxide on Ni/Al2O3 catalysts for methanation; Catalysis Today, Volume 49, Issues 1-3, 24 February 1999, Pages 17-21; K. O. Xavier, R. Sreekala, K. K. A. Rashid, K. K. M. Yusuff and B. Sen
43. Interaction between nickel and molybdenum in Ni–Mo/Al2O3 catalysts: I: CO2 methanation and SEM-TEM studies; Applied Catalysis A: General, Volume 168, Issue 2, 27 March 1998, Pages 385-397, A. Erhan Aksoylu, Zülal Mısırlı and Z. lsen Önsan
My problem stems from the reality that CO2 is already at the bottom of the energy well in any universe unable to produce perpetual motion. Yet here we have a serious effort to convert CO2 back into exothermic products. Going through the work I see nothing to think otherwise so far except to assume that the external inputs described will drive the system. After all that is what happens with Mother Nature thanks to the sun.
Otherwise, pushing water uphill is a lousy business bet.
I left the diagrams out and I do not have the link for the article itself, but there is enough here.
It ultimately needs an efficient way to split water, and we have had recent progress on that front. That at least might result in an efficient system that may in some manner be useful. The nano tube reactor needs explanation as does the proprietary catalyst at least as to performance. I would have expected to see more on this already.
Catalytic CO2 Recycle (CCRTM) Technology
Mega Symposium, August 25, 2008
Manuscript Control #8
AUTHORS:
*John Ralston, Director, Recycle CO2 (RCO2) Inc., P.O. Box 3442, Kingsport, TN, 37664 USA
Erik Fareid, CEO, RCO2TM AS, Berghagen 8, 1403 Langhus, Norway
ABSTRACT
A process has been developed and patents have been applied for in most of the countries of the world for the recycling of CO2 from the flue gas produced in hydrocarbon combustion. The CO2 is catalytically converted to two useful products, methane and water, both of which have market value. Oxygen is also generated in this process. The methane produced can be used to generate electricity. This is an energy efficient process for the recycling of CO2. This process consists of three chemical reactions; the combustion of methane, the splitting of water, and the hydrogenation of CO2. All these reactions are described below.
INTRODUCTION
RCO2 AS is a small research company located in Norway. Investors from Europe, Eastern Europe, and the USA have invested money in RCO2 AS to develop a technology that will recycle CO2 into useful products. Nalco/Mobotec have invested in this development. Most of the technologies in use and being developed today to capture or sequester CO2 require the isolation, compression, and transport of the CO2 to a burial site. The CCR technology will eliminate these requirements.
The KEY word concerning the CCR technology is the word “RECYCLE”. This is a new concept relating to CO2 that many people cannot understand and/or accept. Today many waste products are recycled. The most prominent are aluminum, plastics, and paper. Why do we recycle these waste products? The answer is to conserve energy. When energy is conserved, CO2 is reduced. By recycling aluminum 95% of the energy needed to produce aluminum is saved. By recycling plastics 70% of the energy is saved and by recycling paper 40% of the energy is saved. CO2 is also a waste product. By recycling CO2 up to 76% of the energy can be saved.
EXPERIMENTAL
Chemical Reactions
There are three basic chemical reactions involved in the CCR technology. These are:
combustion of methane
CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2 H2O ΔH300K= -803 kJ/mol
splitting of water
4 H2O = 4 H2 + 2 O2 ΔH300K= +242 kJ/mol
hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (methanation)
CO2 + 4 H2 = CH4 + 2 H2O ΔH300K= -165 kJ/mol
Brief descriptions of these reactions are as follows:
1. Combustion of Methane
The combustion of methane will take place in a gas turbine and consists of the burning of the amount of methane produced in the methanation reaction mixed with the amount of natural gas that will need to be added to keep the turbine at capacity. The oxygen produced in the splitting of water reaction will be mixed with the combustion air to reduce the amount of nitrogen resulting in mainly CO2 and water in the flue gas. The gas turbine will produce electricity using about 35 % of the energy generated in the gas turbine. The remaining 65% of the energy generated will be combined with the excess energy generated by the hydrogenation of CO2 reaction and will be used to drive the water splitting reaction. The result will be that at least 90% of the energy generated will be used efficiently in an optimized system.
2. Splitting of Water
The splitting of water to produce “green” hydrogen is the key reaction of this process. It is absolutely essential that the energy used to split the water is not energy that will generate additional CO2. There are several ways to generate “green” hydrogen. These are:
1. Electrolysis of water using a combination of solar and wind energy.
2. Photo chemical reaction using energy directly from the sun
3. Thermal chemical reaction using membrane separation
4. Production of hydrogen from biomass gasification
From this list we will be operating pilot plants using the first three possible ways to produce “green” hydrogen. The first and the last ways are commercial processes already. In an actual commercial installation it may be necessary to use a combination of two or more of these ways to generate hydrogen depending on the unit generating the CO2.and the location of this unit In this paper we would like to briefly describe the other two ways to split water that are under consideration. One of the most interesting is the photo chemical reaction using free energy from the sun. It is expected that this process will be a commercially available during the first quarter of 2009. The diagram below shows how this process will operate.
With this process the energy from the sun is collected and magnified and sent to the nanotube reactor. The collector/magnifier has the capability to generate energy up to the equivalent of 50 suns. The collector/magnifier is programmed to follow the sun as it moves across the sky. The reactor consists of many nanotubes and a proprietary catalysis that will split water at ambient temperature. The water for this process is the water that has been generated and separated from the combustion of natural gas and methanation reactions. This water has been heated using the waste heat from the combustion of natural gas and the heat generated from the methanation reaction. The hydrogen generated is sent to the methanation reactor to be mixed with the flue gas coming from the combustion of natural gas. The oxygen generated is sent to the combustion reaction to be mixed with the combustion air. It will be necessary to store both the hydrogen and oxygen to maintain a supply of both during periods of time when the energy of the sun is not available. The storage of both hydrogen and oxygen will be necessary no matter which type process is used to generate “green” hydrogen. The hydrogen can be stored at 200 psi without any compression necessary.
This reaction will take place in a specifically designed reactor in the presence of an efficient membrane and a proprietary catalyst. The energy required to drive this reaction will come from the excess energy developed by the combustion of natural gas and the methanation reaction. No additional energy will be added to complete this reaction. The amount of hydrogen produced will depend on the amount of excess energy from the combustion of natural gas and energy developed during the methanation reaction that is available. For 100% conversion of CO2 to methane additional energy will be needed to produce more hydrogen. The oxygen generated will be mixed with the combustion air to the turbine to reduce the formation of NOx and make the turbine more efficient. It is estimated that enough hydrogen will be generated by the combination of two or more ways to generate “green” hydrogen will convert between 55 to 70% of the CO2 generated to methane.
3. Methanation
Methanation is a well known chemical reaction used in the production of urea. It is also know as the Sabatier reaction. Shown below is one way this reaction will be used in the CCR technology.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
The CCR Technology will improve the energy efficiency of a gas turbine. It will also result in a more efficient use of energy compared to a gas turbine with combined cycle. In the diagram below it can be noted that a gas turbine with combined cycle will be 59% energy efficient.
However, a gas turbine with CCR will increase the efficiency of the turbine to more than 90% because 61.5% of the energy is returned in the form of methane recycled from the CO2. The amount of CO2 recycled to methane can be increased by adding more renewable energy such as sun energy to the water splitting reaction. The gas turbine with CCR will reduce CO2 emissions compared to combined cycle. The CO2 emissions will be reduced by 61.5%
STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT
Currently three pilot plants are in operation to develop the necessary information to continue onto the commercialization step. These pilot plants are located as follows:
NTNU, Norway
CNRS, France
Desert Research Institute, USA
Each pilot plant will be using a different way to split water to produce hydrogen which will be reacted with the CO2. At an actual installation one or more ways to split water may be used depending on type of installation and its location. Once the way or ways that will be used has been determined, material and energy balances can be developed. It is estimated that the development work at these three pilot plants locations will be completed by the end of 2009. An additional pilot plant will be built in Smithfield, VA using at least two different ways to split hydrogen.
COMPARISON WITH OTHER CO2 CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES
With the CCR technology being developed by RCO2 there is no isolation, no compression, no transportation, and no sequestration of the CO2. This immediately can be equated to a considerable savings. It will also produce revenue since by using the CCR technology the amount of natural gas needed for combustion in a gas turbine can be reduced by at least 55% and still produce the same amount of electricity. As a result, the CCR technology has the potential to produce revenue. It will be commercially advantageous to use the CCR technology even if CO2 reduction regulations are not put into effect.
SUMMARY
The sole objective of the CCR technology being developed by RCO2 is to reduce the current cost of removing CO2 from flue gas. The laboratory phase has been completed. Pilot plants will be operated in France, Norway, and the USA as the next step to commercialize the CCR technology. When fully developed the CCR technology will not only recycle CO2, but also will result in a more energy efficient way to generate electricity using natural gas.
REFERENCE LIST
1. Kyoto agreement, Emissions Marketplace, Platts Energy Bulletin, November 7, 2004
2. Hydrogen Program Plan, US Department of Energy, June 2003
3. EU CO2 Marker, Platts Energy Bulletin, December 3, 2004
4 CO2 Separation, Capture and Transport Technologies for CO2 Reduction. By John Ruby and Mark Musich.19th International Conference on Lignite, Brown, and Subbituminous Coals. Western Fuel Symposium. October 2004, Billings, Montana.
5. CO2 Recovery and Sequestration at Dakota Gasification Company. By Myria Perry and Daren Eliason. 19th International Conference on Lignite, Brown, and Subbituminous Coals. Western Fuel Symposium. October 2004, Billings, Montana.
6. Summary of Electrolytic Hydrogen Production. By Johanna Ivy, National Renewable
Energy Laboratories, Golden, Colorado.
7. Climate Change and Carbon Markets, Edited by Farhana Yamin, James & James
Publishing, London, UK
8. DOE-CURC-EPRI Clean Coal Technology Roadmap. By Frank Burke, Consol Energy.
Clean Coal and Power Conference, Washington DC, November 2003
9. “CO2 can be handled”, by Leif Haaland, Technology Review Weekly, ONS Issue,
August 20, 2004
10. “Hydrogen living has arrived”, by Anders Steensen, Technology Review Weekly, ONS
Issue, August 20, 2004
11. “Prepared for the GHG steamroller?”, by Neil Kolwey and Michael Shepard, Power
Magazine, June 2004
12. Gas Purification by Arthur Kohl and Richard Nielsen, Gulf Publishing Company
5thedition 1997
13. “An Innovative Process to Sequester CO2” by J. Ralston and Erik Fareid, EUEC 2005
14. “Climate Change Concerns Drive Projects to Curb CO2” by Bill Ellison
Power Magazine, June 2007.
15. Solar Energy ,Volume 80, Issue 12 , December 2006, Pages 1611-1623
Stéphane Abanades, and Gilles Flamant Processes, Materials, and Solar Energy
Laboratory, CNRS, 7 Rue du Four Solaire, BP 5 Odeillo, 66120 Font-Romeu, France
16. Volume 161, Issue 1 , 20 October 2006, Pages 129-132 Hiromasa Tawarayama , Futoshi Utsuno, Hiroyuki Inoue, Satoru Fujitsu and Hiroshi Kawazoe
17. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy Volume 32, Issue 4 , March 2007, Pages 482-488 Path Forward to a Hydrogen Economy; Daniel M. Ginosara , Lucia M. Petkovica, Anne W. Glennb and Kyle C. Burch
18. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy Volume 21, Issue 9 , September 1996, Pages 781-787; T. Sano, M. Kojima, N. Hasegawa, M. Tsuji and Y. Tamaura
19 International Journal of Hydrogen Energy ,Volume 32, Issue 4 , March 2007, Pages 451-456 Path Forward to a Hydrogen Economy, U. (Balu) Balachandran , T.H. Lee and S.E. Dorris; Energy Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory
20. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy ,Volume 31, Issue 15 , December 2006, Pages 2217-2222, C. Alvani, A. La Barbera , G. Ennas, F. Padella,and F. Varsano, ENEA-C
21. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy ,Volume 32, Issue 5 , April 2007, Pages 401-425 Meng Ni, Michael K.H. Leung , Dennis Y.C. Leung and K. Sumathy aDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong
22. Journal of Catalysis , Volume 246, Issue 2 , 10 March 2007, Pages 362-369S.K. Mohapatra, M. Misra, , V.K. Mahajan and K.S. Raja; Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, MS 388, University of Nevada,
23. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials , Volume 8, Issues 1-2 , January-March 2007, Pages 89-92 APNF International Symposium on Nanotechnology in Environmental Protection and Pollution (ISNEPP2006); Seng Sing Tan, Linda Zou and Eric Hu
24. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials Volume 8, Issues 1-2 , January-March 2007, Pages 76-81 APNF International Symposium on Nanotechnology in Environmental Protection and Pollution (ISNEPP2006); Wenfeng Shangguan, a,
25. Catalysis Today , Article in Press, Corrected Proof - Note to users, Masaya Matsuokaa , Masaaki Kitano, Masato Takeuchi, Koichiro Tsujimaru, Masakazu Anpo and John M. Thomas
26. European Fertilizer Manufacturers Association, Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse 4, B-1160 Brussels. Belgium; Email main@efma.be - Telephone +32 2 6753550 - Fax +32 2 6753961
27. Methanation of carbon dioxide on Ni-incorporated MCM-41 catalysts: The influence of catalyst pretreatment and study of steady-state reaction; Journal of Catalysis, Volume 249, Issue 2, 25 July, 2007, Pages 370-379, Guoan Du, Sangyun Lim, Yanhui Yang, Chuan Wang, Lisa Pfefferle and Gary L. Haller
28. Methanation of carbon dioxide by hydrogen reduction using the Sabatier process in
microchannel reactors, Chemical Engineering Science, Volume 62, Issue 4, February
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29. Highly selective methanation by the use of a microchannel reactor; Catalysis
Today, Volume 110, Issues 1-2, 15 December 2005, Pages 132-139; O. Görke, P. Pfeifer and
K. Schubert
30. Competitive CO and CO2 methanation over supported noble metal catalysts in high
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31. Complete removal of carbon monoxide in hydrogen-rich gas stream through methanation over supported metal catalysts; International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 29, Issue 10, August 2004, Pages 1065-1073; Sakae Takenaka, Toru Shimizu and Kiyoshi Otsuka 32. The CO methanation on Rh/CeO2 and CeO2/Rh model catalysts: a comparative study Surface Science, Volumes 532-535, 10 June 2003, Pages 364-369; B. Jenewein, M. Fuchs
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33. Materials for global carbon dioxide recycling; Corrosion Science, Volume 44, Issue 2, February 2002, Pages 371-386; K. Hashimoto, M. Yamasaki, S. Meguro, T. Sasaki, H. Katagiri, K. Izumiya, N. Kumagai, Advanced materials for global carbon dioxide recycling
34. Materials Science and Engineering A, Volumes 304-306, 31 May 2001, Pages 88-96
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35. Mechanochemical activation of catalysts for CO2 methanation; Applied Catalysis A:
General, Volume 137, Issue 2, 11 April 1996, Pages 255-268; S. Mori, W. -C. Xu, T.
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36. Catalyst for carbon dioxide hydrogenation-methanation and its preparation method Fuel and Energy Abstracts, Volume 41, Issue 6, November 2000, Page 361 37. A recovery of carbon dioxides by methanation reaction through a pressure-temperature swing process by applying active protium in the fluorinate; Fuel and Energy Abstracts, Volume 41, Issue 4, July 2000, Page 204
38. Selective formation of methane in reduction of CO2 with water by Raney alloy catalyst Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, Volume 145, Issues 1-2, 8 September 1999, Pages 257-264; Kiyoshi Kudo and Koichi Komatsu
39. Global CO2 recycling—novel materials and prospect for prevention of global warming and abundant energy supply; Materials Science and Engineering A, Volume 267, Issue 2, 31 July 1999, Pages 200-206; K. Hashimoto, M. Yamasaki, K. Fujimura, T. Matsui, K. Izumiya, M. Komori, A. A. El-Moneim, E. Akiyama, H. Habazaki, N. Kumagai, et al.
40. CO2 methanation catalysts prepared from amorphous Ni–Zr–Sm and Ni–Zr–misch metal alloy precursors; Materials Science and Engineering A, Volume 267, Issue 2, 31 July 1999, Pages 220-226, Michiaki Yamasaki, Mitsuru Komori, Eiji Akiyama, Hiroki Habazaki, Asahi Kawashima, Katsuhiko Asami and Koji Hashimoto
41. Study of reactions over sulfide catalysts in CO–CO2–H2–H2O system; Catalysis Today, Volume 51, Issue 1, 1 June 1999, Pages 25-38; Yumin Li, Rejie Wang and Liu Chang
42. Doping effects of cerium oxide on Ni/Al2O3 catalysts for methanation; Catalysis Today, Volume 49, Issues 1-3, 24 February 1999, Pages 17-21; K. O. Xavier, R. Sreekala, K. K. A. Rashid, K. K. M. Yusuff and B. Sen
43. Interaction between nickel and molybdenum in Ni–Mo/Al2O3 catalysts: I: CO2 methanation and SEM-TEM studies; Applied Catalysis A: General, Volume 168, Issue 2, 27 March 1998, Pages 385-397, A. Erhan Aksoylu, Zülal Mısırlı and Z. lsen Önsan
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